The main components of data communication are sender, receiver, medium and message.The data to be sent is converted into signals and then transmitted over the network.Signaling techniques are of two types – broadband and base band.Base band signals transmit data at a single frequency.Broadband technique can transmit data using more than one frequency.Network Interface Cards are devices that are used to get connected to different computers on a network.Some examples of NIC are Ethernet Card and Token Ring Card.
Ethernet cards support transfer rate of 10 or 100 or 1000 Mbps.MAC address is a hardware address that is embedded onto the NIC.Lower layers of OSI model identify nodes on the network by their MAC address.
A connection established between two nodes by directly connecting a cable is known as direct cable connection.Signals lying on the cable are absorbed by the terminators at the end of the cable to avoid collision.
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